Madhvani History
The 120 year journey
Vithaldas Madhvani to Quasar Energy
It`s all about energy
Quasar Energy Ltd. is an end-to-end, customer oriented alternative energy company capturing the experience and skills of Madhvani International in developing sustainable projects for generation and distribution of electricity .
In the UK we’re leading the roll out of an environmentally friendly sustainable energy company offering investment, development and implementation of SMR based power generation together with our partners. The journey begins in 1896.
The extraordinary history of the Madhvani Group goes back to its genesis with the entrepreneurial migrants who travelled from India to Uganda in the 1800’s, developing the business as it passed from one generation to the next, remaining loyal to the value of family, employment, markets, diversification and community and country. In Uganda, sheer labour with trade on bicycles in the jungle, leading to early investment in processing cotton developed into building a successful sugar business, to eventually progressing to an international conglomerate to producing energy as the Group grew into a multi-sectoral and international giant of industry and commerce. By the 1950s, the Madhvani Group was firmly established as the largest private sector business in East with 9,000 employees and an annual turnover of ₤15 million. By this point, Madhvani Group expanded internationally, establishing businesses in Kenya, Tanzania, India, Lebanon, and even reaching Canada and the United Kingdom in the following decades. But this journey was not without challenges, at its zenith with the rise of Idi Amin to President in the 1970’s leading to the expulsion of all Asians from Uganda. However, when his regime came to an end in 1979 Madhvani International (MISA), and the Madhvani family skilfully and patriotically negotiated the return to Uganda to reclaim the business and continue to grow.
Founder of Madhvani Group: Muljibhai Prabhudas Madhvani, M.B.E.
b. 18th May 1894 – d. 11th July 1958
Born in Ashiyapat, Saurashtra, India, Muljibhai Madhvani was the son of the son of a humble shop assistant who distinguished himself by aged 12 to pass the S1 examinations with First Class at the Lohana Boarding School in Porbandar Gujarat. In 1908, he was invited to join his brother Nanjibhai Madhvani who had preceded him to travel to Iganga in Uganda to join their uncle Vithaldas Haridas Madhvani who still earlier ventured to Zanzibar, Mombasa, then settled in Iganga, Uganda in 1896. By 1911, Muljibhai was assigned the responsibility of managing Vithaldas’ shop in Kaliro, Uganda. In 1914, Muljibhai was assigned the task to open a shop in Jinja, famously at the “source of the Nile”! During this time in Jinja, Muljibhai befriended the great Indian Merchant Allidina Visram, the proud owner of some 50 shops, stores and depots stretching from Tanganyika to Wadi Haifa on the Sudan-Egypt border. Until he died, Allidina Visram mentored Muljibhai on the first principle of business: to cater for the welfare of employees. Herein lay the origins of the Madhvani Group’s first principle enunciated by Muljibhai: “your wealth is your people, not your money”!
Vithaldas Haridas & Co. thrived with Muljibhai’s active participation with stores in Jinja, Iganga and Kaliro, expanding into commodity trading of cotton and cash crops. In 1918, Vithaldas acquired 800 acres of land on the edge of Lake Victoria at Kakira, where in 1921 Muljibhai set up the Kakira Cotton Ginnery processing locally grown cotton. Muljibhai’s attempts to cultivate cotton were a dismal failure, and despite possessing no agricultural skills he launched a scheme to grow sugar cane. Using donkey-driven mills, he built a jaggery factory, unlike any manufacturing facility, before building a sugar factory in 1930. Meanwhile Vithaldas Madhvani expanded cotton ginning with Muljibhai’s management support, while Muljibhai focused on sugar cultivation and production given the local demand that offered competitive advantage over imported sugar. The need for land became paramount and by asides from 6,500 acres acquired from the Colonial Government the remaining 16,000 acres were assembled piece-meal from adjoining White and African landowners so that by 1947 the company has establish a 23,000 acre estate at Kakira. The laborious work and effort was compounded by endemic malaria and sleeping sickness prevalent in the tropical rain forest of the area.
The sugar mill and factory was inaugurated by the Governor, Sir William Gowers, expressing grave doubts that “Kakira could produce and sell sugar in Uganda”. in 1932 Muljibhai was offered a partnership by Vithaldas Madhvani, after which he settled into a daily routine of working (and living) in the “Jinja office” during the mornings and journeying to Kakira, seven miles away, in the afternoon then returning home some time before 9pm. Muljibhai negotiated with his uncle to invite two other community members, Devjibhai Hindocha and Dayalbhai Vadera (whose grand-daughter Shriti Vadera is now a Baroness in the House of Lords in the U.K. after a distinguished career at Warburg, H. M. Treasury and Santander), to join Vithaldas Haridas & Co. as partners. With Vithaldas Madhvani and his brother Haridas Madhvani maintaining the majority ownership, Muljibhai Madhvani was Managing Director of the VH Group with it’s headquarters in Jinja.
Muljibhai continued with an ambitious programme to expand to be amongst the largest mills in the world, inviting relatives and friends to join his team. Just before the second World War, he embarked on a world tour and upon his return a few months later was faced with increasing competition as sugar prices fell. Commodity prices too fell with the onset of the Depression, but with determination to expand for economies of scale the Kakira Sugar Company rode the tide, all the while maintaining quality and competitiveness. Still after the end of the war, the Colonial Government set prices controls for the next decade. This market interference became more cumbersome requiring Muljibhai to prepare detailed cost analysis to convince the Government of the need to adjust prices. The advent of taxation was another burden imposed as a war measure. Undeterred by adverse terms of trade, Muljibhai served as President of the Uganda Cotton Association and on the Committees of the Uganda Planters’ Association as well the Uganda Chamber of Commerce, and other public bodies. From 1939-40 he was asked to join the Government’s Finance Committee and in 1938 Her Majesty the Queen awarded him the Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).
Wartime created shortages of edible oil for cooking and as a major trader of cotton-seed Vithaldas Haridas & Co used its market position as a producer of cotton seed as a by-product of ginning, to establish an oil mill at Kakira. Similarly the wartime boom for tobacco inspired Muljibhai to establish a factory to manufacture cigarettes, which Muljibhai subsequently sold to British American Tobacco, in Jinja. Muljibhai established a soap factory and in 1947 and set up the Kenya Sugar Ltd. at Ramisi in Kenya. These enterprises were the hallmark Muljibhai’s leadership in the name of Vithaldas Haridas & Co. with each company operating as a profit centre. As these significant businesses were established, the majority of the owners of VH&Co., Vithaldas Madhvani and his brother Haridas Madhvani yearned to return to India. Vithaldas did so as early as in 1936 followed by Haridas in 1938. They and their children died soon thereafter. Muljibhai’s brother Nanjibhai too returned to India and for many of the families there was a wish to divest their interests in the Group. Younger family members held different perspectives and eventually despite Muljibhai’s strength of leadership the partnership was partitioned in 1948, with utmost good-will by all six partners. With the support and advice of his eldest son Jayant Madhvani, Muljibhai negotiated a buyout of the Kakira Sugar Works with combination of cash and considerable debt.
The Madhvani Group was established with a modest turnover of less than ₤1 million and liabilities of more than ₤1.5 million. Overriding commercial logic, Muljibhai displayed a commitment to his staff and employees at all times. He corresponded with them with kindness and even affection. Even in instances of misappropriation and theft, the conduct of the employee was handled with dignity, compassion and never retribution. Being a methodical person keen to know every detail, Muljibhai always conveyed his appreciation for good work. He used these talents to realise his dreams to build the Kakira sugar complex into an integrated industrial enterprise investing in the world’s single largest overhead irrigation network. He built housing, schools, a hospital and a welfare shop for the benefit of employees so that by 1953 when the Madhvani Group was debt-free, Kakira was amongst the largest single enterprises in the world. Muljibhai’s resolve with Jayant at his side, would lead him to build a portfolio of businesses that added tea plantations, the well know Nile Breweries, the Madhvani sweets factory, Goodyear tyres distribution with the agency of Esso Petroleum to the burgeoning sugar, edible oils and soap businesses. Thirteen years after the breakup of the Vithaldas Haridas partnership, the Madhvani Group was firmly established as the largest private sector business in East Africa with 9,000 employees and an annual turnover of ₤15 million.
As much as Muljibhai’s futuristic vision was realised after 1948, and each year thereafter Muljibhai was much too alert to the forthcoming “Winds of Change” which Harold Macmillan addressed in South Africa in 1960: “The wind of change is blowing through this (African) continent and whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact. And we must all accept it as a fact, and our national policies must take account of it”. Muljibhai foresaw the winds more than 15 years before. The resentments amongst Africans emerged from the 1930’s as Africans were excluded from many businesses including cotton ginning. In 1949 the policy led to the Buganda Riots. The return of African soldiers from the war emboldened them to be considered as equals. Violent opposition to White settlers in Kenya with the Mau Mau struggle led by Jomo Kenyatta forced the Governor of Kenya to declare a state of emergency leading to the incarceration of many Africans. Luckily in Uganda, Sir Andrew Cohen was the enlightened Governor who after 1952 removed restrictions of price and business controls to enable Africans to participate in business. The colonial Government established the Uganda Development Corporation, a pioneering institution to provide development capital for business. Jayant Madhvani together with other African leaders were selected to be members of Uganda’s Legislative Council but the rising “change” of nationalism was to impact directly on Kakira being perceived as a leading beneficiary of the colonial system. Muljibhai and Jayant worked hard to counter these false impressions, developing a deep-seated welfare culture for all stakeholders at Kakira. Muljibhai was committed to a relentless desire to expand, create employment and provide opportunities for Africans. For Muljibhai’s ambitions were not confined to Uganda. In India the Group acquired tea estates, established the first sugar factory in the state of Karnataka and acquired a textile mill in Mumbai.
By 1957, Jayant Madhvani was de-facto directing the Madhvani Group’s businesses, when Muljibhai suffered a heart attack in Kakira. After several visits to Mulago hospital in Kampala, he reluctantly agreed to seek specialised treatment in Mumbai. Despite the cautionary advice of doctors Muljibhai’s iridescent spirit drove him, in India, to visit all his businesses and interact closely with managers and employees. He returned to Uganda some weeks later and peacefully died on 11th July 1958. Everyone was distraught as they clamoured to travel to Kakira for this nobleman’s funeral. The memories of Vithaldas Madhvani’s journey to Uganda from 1896, followed by Muljibhai Madhvani and the rise of Vithaldas Haridas & Co. and its subsequent dissolution laid the foundation of the Madhvani Group and the Madhvani ethos of humility was firmly embedded in Group.
The platform to launch the Group internationally was firmly laid.
The Industrialist: Jayant Muljibhai Madhvani
14th July 1922 – d. 25th July 1971
As Muljibhai established the Vithaldas Haridas & Co. head office in Jinja, his eldest son was born in Jinja on 14th July 1922. Completing his primary education in Jinja, Jayant went to India for his secondary and tertiary education. Muljibhai held education in high esteem and Jayant’s keen intelligence supported his success with a B.Sc. in Chemistry and a L.L.B from St. Xavier’s College, Bombay University. In 1947, he returned to Uganda and started his career under Muljibhai’s experienced and practical guidance. In 1954, Jayant attended the International Labour Conference in Beira and in 1956 he participated in the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologies in Hawaii. He was an active participant at the Stanford research Institute’s International Programme and travelled to meetings and conferences in USA, Taiwan, Spain, Iran, Saudi Arabia etc. – often asking his younger brother Manubhai to accompany him.
With his father’s able direction Jayant soon relieved Muljibhai of the manifold responsibilities to become his closest confidant. Jayant remained indebted to his father for the training he had received – so much so that he commemorated his father’s greatness with the construction of an immense memorial upon the spot Muljibhai had been cremated on the shores of Lake Victoria, at Kakira. Immediately upon Muljibhai’s death, Jayant became the guide, guardian and philosopher of the Family, the business, the Indian Community and in many ways of Uganda too. At 36, he inherited the cares and worries of a large joint family – of eleven younger brothers and sisters – along with tremendous responsibilities of a large industrial and commercial business together with a multitude of social obligations. As early as 1949, Jayant persuaded Muljibhai to establish Uganda’s first commercial college, The Muljibhai Madhvani Commercial School, in Kampala. From 1954, when he joined Uganda’s Legislative Assembly, he clamoured for the establishment of an Agricultural and Commerce College for Africans to harness “….local talent that will not become available if there are no training facilities in the country”. Jayant’s foresight sought advancement of Africans in trade and commerce. The Hansard records his speech on 20th June 1955 of his ”very sincere interest of the advancement of Africans in trade … that the commercial African interests should identify themselves completely as the integral members of the commercial community … in the same manner as their non-African counterparts … and advocate that the education programme of the country should take into consideration the training of persons in basic commerce”. Still later in January 1958 he proposes: “I am sure the need for the farming school … cannot be at all exaggerated.”
As Jayant took the helm of the Madhvani Group, he was determined to involve all stakeholders in the business, making contributions to and building of schools, colleges, co-operatives and other social enterprises and community support structures. Just as Jayant was passionate about supporting society, he was a daring entrepreneur. In 1958, the Madhvani Group comprised a handful of companies which by 1970 had expanded to over 70 businesses with turnover exceeding ₤30 million with 22,000 employees. Glass factories were acquired and built in Kenya, Tanzania and Lebanon. A new agro-industrial sugar complex at Mtibwa in Tanzania was established. Steel factories were built in Uganda, Kenya and India. A ferrous and non-ferrous processing business was acquired in Nairobi. The sweets and soap complex was built in Arusha, Tanzania and a nearby agricultural estate was acquired at Rasha Rasha. Kilimanjaro Breweries was established in Arusha and a third brewery was planned for construction in Mwanza. A modern world-class textile factory was built in Jinja, with the first African investment by the International Finance Corporation. Still another textile mill was acquired and modernised in Mombasa, Kenya. In Jinja, the match factory and the tyre re-treading businesses were established as was Mulbox the packaging company. An oxygen production unit was built, and a fifth glass factory was established in Kampala. All the while this extraordinary expansion was taking place the production capacity at Kakira underwent a doubling of capacity to 80,000 tons of sugar annually. In 1970 Jayant commissioned an ultra-modern plastics extrusions factory in New Brunswick, Canada under an exclusive marketing agreement with the fashion house Christian Dior. And as if that were insufficient he launched the Group still further into a cosmetics and beauty joint-venture with Elizabeth Arden and Coty for East Africa. The first and distinguished Governor of the Bank of Uganda, Joseph Mubiru described Jayant’s successes as “a landmark in the economic development of Uganda and East Africa as a whole” aptly calling Jayant the “Economic Colossus”.
Jayant’s pre-occupation for economic development was an indelible structure on Uganda’s, and East Africa’s social and economic landscape. Under his leadership, the Madhvani Group took shape when he was a very young man, with his intuitive talent for organising the future pattern well ahead of others. The planning of industries, arranging their financing, securing and training of manpower and obtaining markets for the Group’s products and services. He initiated the formation of the Uganda Federation of Industries, established the community owned East Africa General Insurance Company and the Uganda Building Society. Jayant had the zeal to integrate industry and commerce with society through education and generous philanthropy, in which the role of Government played an indispensable part. He campaigned for policies and decisions, though politically unpopular, were in the interest of society and business. Sir Peter Parker, then Chairman of British Rail, wrote about Jayant: “Never have I known a man with more capacity to care for so many [whose] advances during a life longer than most in ideas and in action, were break-throughs which we could do well to consolidate”. Jayant pioneered an employee stock-option plan offering all employees to own shares in the Madhvani Group. For Jayant the core driving principle was that whereas machines and technology must be the most advanced, they cannot develop people – only people can do that for themselves and for others. Jayant created change over industrialism, for the purposes of industry, in an emerging Africa – so much so that the interdependence of public and private sectors and the flexible concept of the mixed economy provided a great relief to the stiffness in the politics of the right vis-a-vis the left. In the end Jayant, the great industrialist, created resilience and hopes for industrial communities applicable far beyond the Uganda homeland. For Jayant Madhvani, his handling of what he saw as proper responsibility for the Madhvani Group of Companies, he made sure there was a social policy as part of his planning for industrial expansion.
The chequered political economy of Uganda and East Africa after independence regularly featured the Asians and their economic prowess. Indians were considered as inferior by the colonial white settlers, that Muljibhai confronted when Vithaldas Madhvani emigrated from India. Whereas the Africans remained mired in poverty and the White man grew fat, the Indian did not starve. It was not a satisfactory situation. So it was so much more relevant that Jayant upheld his father’s promise of fair trade whilst establishing the Madhvani Group’s industrial conglomerate. Although he never experienced the arrogant attitude of the powerful colonial and settler community (as in Kenya and elsewhere throughout the British Empire), Jayant cultivated a warm companionship with Europeans and an endearing friendship of trust of Africans and African leaders. Jayant saw no reason why newly independent nations should not grow and prosper and that independence could be achieved peacefully. Jayant’s painstaking work as a member of the Legislative Assembly was vindicated when the Union Jack was drawn down, in Uganda, with the consent of all stakeholders on 9th October 1962. The post-independence challenges in each of the East African countries were manifest with issues of poverty, strife, hunger, national frustration and the creep of corruption. The racial tensions were palpable but for Jayant his life’s unceasing work to promote racial and social harmony was vindicated by embracing nationalism and adopting without reservation to the requirements of the new nations. For Jayant was not only the great industrialist he was also the towering nationalist. The sense of public duty that began in the Legislative Assembly after 1953, was reinforced by accepting the Government’s nomination to be appointed the Executive Chairman of Uganda’s Export and Import Corporation. Although the appointment was steeped in a socialist movement, Jayant never lost his commitment to private enterprise as he successfully navigated socialist policies when in Uganda in 1970 Kakira Sugar Works and the Steel Corporation of East Africa and subsequently in Tanzania Kilimanjaro Breweries and Mtibwa Sugar Company, were nationalised. Before Jayant died he successfully negotiated with the Governments to maintain a significant shareholding with rights of management. Long before however, as early as 1965, Jayant had offered the Government through the Uganda Development Corporation a 25% shareholding in some of the larger Companies. So for Jayant it was a serious undertaking to adopt Uganda nationality and while he may have been agitated at the onset of socialism, he did not disparage the Government’s policy and instead secured a meaningful and continuing partnership with the state.
From the time VH & Co. was partitioned in 1947, Jayant Madhvani’s central tenets for business were markets, diversification and community enterprise. He strove to establish profitability for each enterprise where cash-flow became the index for success. He seized advantage of regulations – such as tax deferral to the maximum extent permissible – so that cash is used to invest in equipment, machinery and technology for the Group. Against all odds he posthumously succeeded to secure for Uganda a quota to sell in aggregate 45,000 tons of Uganda manufactured sugar to the United States. This success was typical of Jayant’s tactical and consummate skills to succeed even against the advice of the Executive Branch and the State Department of the Government of the United States. This achievement was to benefit in equal measure not just the Madhvani Sugar Works at Kakira but also all segments, public and private, of Uganda’s sugar industry.
His flexibility of thought and the ability to engage with everyone at every level were the keys to this man’s greatness, as a simple and humble man who demanded the most from those who worked with him. The greatest tribute to Jayant is to incorporate in our life these virtues with dedication and loyalty that he offered and expected. But at the serene centre of it all was his wife Meena, the entire Madhvani Family, all the employees and his country Uganda. At the heart, was the measure: his love for them and his fun with them enthused all that he did. This was the true proportion of Jayant Madhvani and the Madhvani Group when he suddenly and unexpectedly tragically died in New Delhi on 25th July 1970 on his way, together with his family and friends, for a pilgrimage to holy caverns at Amarnath in Kashmir. A year later, in 1971 at the Mass held at Namirembe Cathedral, Kampala, and led by Monsignor Anatole Kamya, the Vicar General, Jayant was honoured by Pope Paul VI with the award of the Gregorian Cross. More recently in 2015, President Yoweri Museveni honoured Jayant Madhvani with the posthumous of the Golden Jubilee Medal for services to the Nation.
MADHVANI INTERNATIONAL (MISA)
The tragic and unexpected demise of the young 49 year old leader of the Madhvani Family in 1971 followed immediately in 1972 by the expulsion of the Asian Community by the brutal dictator Idi Amin, from Uganda, imposed an unimaginable shock on the Madhvani Group. It was not obvious who would develop the flair, warmth, and shrewd business strategy of Jayant. The Family lost direction to engage with policy makers in the countries where its businesses were established. The nationalisation of the Uganda business as well subsequently in Tanzania and with the advent of war in Lebanon, all brought unceasing pressures on the Family. Regrettably, a partitioning of assets amongst the five sons of Muljibhai was an inevitable consequence, even when Jayant had become a legend in his lifetime and deservedly so. The Family had been robbed of its common purpose.
It was not until 1979 that the Family was able to regroup with a sense of unity. Despite many years of operating businesses independently of each other after 1972, Jayant’s eldest son Nitin Madhvani – then the youngest member of the Family – embarked on major investments in Kenya with projects for polyester synthetics and modern bio-fuels production with American, Swiss and Swedish investors. By 1978, the prospect of Idi Amin’s overthrow by Tanzania and groups of Ugandan freedom fighters, emboldened Nitin Madhvani in an endeavour to re-unite the family and recover the family’s nationalised properties in Uganda. In 1979, Madhvani International (MISA) successfully negotiated with the new Government to manage the Madhvani Group’s properties that had been nationalised in 1972. This success energised a majority of Family members to consider the possibility of unification of the Madhvani Group, successfully arranging, with entrepreneurial craft, for the restitution and vesting of the Group’s properties and businesses with the Family, so the re-emergence of the Madhvani Group became possible.
During the interim, MISA had immediately embarked on major investment programmes for the rehabilitation of the Group’s assets with the support of the Uganda Government and the World Bank as well as of other bilateral partners. In 1993, MISA began the development of Africa’s first major hydro IPP on the River Nile at Bujagali Falls. MISA continues a leadership role of investment and development of modern businesses in East Africa, India and Europe.
Project Quasar is another one of MISA’s initiatives of which MISA is very proud.